ABSTRACT
Purpose of study Proposal for an oral (or if required, parenteral) COVID-19 vaccination based upon this described technology. Investigational theory under study for the past 9 months of COVID-19 growing season. Coronavirus can attack and infect plant species. It was found that SARS-CoV-2 can infect various plant species. Others have found plants, for example tobacco as a good growth medium for Coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2. This current study has found various plants species infected with SARS-CoV-2 by rPCR. As the plants were located beside a well used hiking trail for humans, and were infected along the trail including various species with SARS-CoV-2, hypothesized that human airborne contact had caused infection in the bordering plants. Humans were observed to be coughing while walking on the trail, and were not wearing masks. The plant leaves developed small circular colonies of the virus, which became self-limited at several millimeters in diameter. All of the plants were clear of these lesions before the COVID-19 Pandemic. The plants 'immune' system produced antiviral agents, including lectins which limited the growth of the colonies and prevent death of the leaf and whole plant. The fungal cultures of the 'spots' were negative. The rPCR of all spots tested in the present series was positive for SARS-CoV-2. Hypothesis, that self-augmentation of the virus occurred by the natural culturing in plant leaves that produce antiviral agents as part of their 'immune system.' Hypothesis, a symbiotic type relationship developed between the plant using its chemical immune system, and the virus allowed to replicate in an augmented fashion to allow both the virus and the host to survive and grow. As the top candidates for the oral vaccine are nontoxic, hypothesis involves the maceration of the infected leaves, mixing with a nontoxic adjuvant and flavoring to promote assimilation and palatability, with the proposed route of entry being mastication, thus exposing the oral-nasal mucosa to the vaccine, with the probable best of immunity to usual exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, that is the oral-nasal mucosal and upper airway route. As many types of animals are now infected with SARS-CoV-2, it is further hypothesized that this oral vaccine could also be mass produced to add to various animals by feedstock and oral route. Methods used Hypotheses formed through observations. Testing of observations by pPCR, viral cell culture, fungal culture, light and electron microscopy. Summary of results pPCR SARS-CoV-2 positive, cell culture 'lysis experiment' positive, EM and light microscopy positive, fungal culture negative. Conclusions TABLE OF HYPOTHESES AND STUDY RESULTS (HYPOTHETICAL, OBSERVED, PROVEN) 1. The first hypothesis that the virus is attenuated by the plant, using its innate chemical immune system. Similarly, Pasteur used chemical such as phenol to attenuate viruses for wome of the first successful vaccines. Observed. 2. Hypothesis, the plants 'immune' system produced antiviral agents, including lectins, flavonoids, and others, which limited the growth of the colonies and prevent death of the leaf and whole plant. Proven. 3. Hypothesis is that the nontoxic plants, such as Vine Maple sp.(Acer cincinatum), could be used to produce and oral plant attenuated vaccine. Hypothesis. 4. Hypothesis involves the maceration of the infected leaves, mixing with a nontoxic adjuvant and flavoring to promote assimilation and palatability, with the proposed route of entry being mastication, thus exposing the oral-nasal mucosa to the vaccine, with the probable best of immunity to usual exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, that is the oral-nasal mucosa, upper airway. (Figure Presented).
ABSTRACT
In the last two decades, advances in network science have facilitated the discovery of important systems' entities in diverse biological networks. This graph-based technique has revealed numerous emergent properties of a system that enable us to understand several complex biological processes including plant immune systems. With the accumulation of multiomics data sets, the comprehensive understanding of plant-pathogen interactions can be achieved through the analyses and efficacious integration of multidimensional qualitative and quantitative relationships among the components of hosts and their microbes. This review highlights comparative network topology analyses in plant-pathogen co-expression networks and interactomes, outlines dynamic network modeling for cell-specific immune regulatory networks, and discusses the new frontiers of single-cell sequencing as well as multiomics data integration that are necessary for unraveling the intricacies of plant immune systems.